In the last few years, nutraceuticals have been receiving increased interest due to their potential nutritional and therapeutic effects. They might have a role in several biological processes, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses and the safeguarding of mitochondrial integrity. Thus, nutraceuticals may be used to prevent chronic diseases where oxidative stress, inflammatory mechanisms or lipid peroxidation play an etiological role. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a blue-green edible microalgae (cyanophyta) that grows wildly in Klamath Lake, Oregon. AFA is known to be rich in nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, proteins and enzymes that make it a superfood used as nutrition supplement. In particular, AFA is rich in phycocyanin (PCA). Phycocyanins (PCs) are photosynthetic blue pigments with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. However, with the exception of the articles by some authors, these properties have been studied in the PCs from other microalgae, and not in PC from AFA (PCA). The principal goal of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the cytoprotective/antioxidant effect induced by an aqueous extract of AFA rich in PCA (called e-PC) on C2C12 murine myoblasts as a model of skeletal muscle as well as in two human promonocytic and endothelial cell lines, namely U937 and HUVEC. We analysed the effects of e-PC on cell survival in the three cell lines and on the myogenic capacity of C2C12 myoblasts following oxidative stress caused by acute exposure to the radical generating agents H2O2 and tBOOH. Indeed, oxidative stress is known to trigger and/or participate to a wide number of toxic and pathophysiological pathways/responses, such as the differentiative imbalance of progenitor cells such as myoblasts, apoptosis and inflammation in virtually all cell types and tissues. Notably, inflammation is causally involved in a plethora of diseases including myopathies. Thus, another aim of this project was to investigate the capacity of e-PC to modulate relevant in vitro molecular and functional markers of inflammation in endothelial cells (HUVEC) and in C2C12 myotubes, both stimulated with LPS. The adhesion capacity and the modulation of miR-126, miR-146a, IL-6, IRAK-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were determined in HUVEC, the myotube diameter and the modulation of miR-146a were studied in C2C12 mature myotubes. Briefly, e-PC displayed a mild antioxidant activity since it reduced the extent of cell death caused by both oxidants (more active vs tBOOH than vs H2O2 toxicity) in C2C12 cells as well as in U937 and HUVEC cells, suggesting that the effect lacks cell-type specificity. e-PC antioxidant activity is likely due to its intracellular metal chelating ability, a property capable of inhibiting the radical generating Haber–Weiss reaction. These results suggest that e-PC has some potential as an antioxidant, although in cellular systems its presumably low bioavailability due to the high molecular weight represents a limiting factor. Interestingly, e-PC was shown to strongly inhibit inflammation induced by LPS. Indeed, our findings showed that e-PC effectively reduces LPS-induced mRNA expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IL-6 and IRAK-1, significantly down-regulates VCAM-1 protein expression and consistently prevents the down-regulation of miR-126 expression caused by LPS in HUVEC cells. A tendencial up-regulation of miR-146a was found in HUVEC, an effect conceivable with an anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, e-PC remarkably reduced U937 cell adhesion to LPS-induced HUVEC in a dose-dependent manner. As to C2C12 myotubes, e-PC prevented the reduction of myotube diameter and prevented miR-146a expression induced by LPS. Taken together, these results demonstrate that e-PC has a mild antioxidant potential but, more importantly, it inhibits relevant markers of myotube and endothelial LPS-induced inflammation at strikingly low concentration, far below those required for antioxidant activity. Thus, AFA and/or AFA-e-PC could be used in superfood preparations for the adjunctive management of inflammatory diseases. Further studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the e-PC mechanism of action and their results could pave the way to a possible use of e-PC as an anti-inflammatory drug which, at this stage, may be exploited in inflammatory conditions sensitive to topical treatments.

Negli ultimi anni i nutraceutici stanno ricevendo sempre più interesse per i loro potenziali effetti terapeutici e nutrizionali. Essi potrebbero avere un ruolo in diversi processi, come nelle risposte antiossidanti ed anti-infiammatorie e nella salvaguardia dell’integrità mitocondriale. Pertanto, i nutraceutici possono essere utilizzati per prevenire delle patologie dove lo stress ossidativo, i meccanismi infiammatori o la perossidazione lipidica giocano un ruolo eziologico. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) è una microalga verde-azzurra (cyanophyta) edibile che cresce spontaneamente nel lago Klamath, in Oregon. È noto come questa microalga sia ricca in nutrienti, vitamine, minerali, proteine ed enzimi che ne fanno un “supercibo” usato come supplemento nutrizionale. In particolare, AFA è ricca di una specifica ficocianina (PCA, paragrafo 1.5.1). Le ficocianine (PC) sono pigmenti fotosintetici di colore blu con attività antiossidanti, anti-infiammatorie ed immunomodulanti. Tuttavia, ad eccezione degli articoli di alcuni autori, queste proprietà sono state studiate in PC estratta da altre microalghe e non da AFA. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è stato quello di verificare per la prima volta l’effetto citoprotettivo/antiossidante indotto da un estratto acquoso di AFA ricco in PCA (chiamato e-PC) in C2C12, mioblasti murini usati come modello cellulare di muscolo scheletrico, così come in altre due linee cellulari umane, promonocitiche ed endoteliali, rispettivamente U937 e HUVEC. Abbiamo analizzato l’effetto di e-PC sulla vitalità delle tre linee cellulari e sulla capacità differenziativa delle C2C12 in seguito ad insulto ossidativo indotto dall’esposizione ad agenti in grado di generare radicali, come H2O2 e tBOOH. Infatti, lo stress ossidativo innesca e/o partecipa ad un ampio numero di pathway/ risposte tossiche e fisiopatologiche come lo squilibrio differenziativo dei progenitori dei mioblasti, l’apoptosi e l’infiammazione in tutti i tipi di cellule e tessuti. In particolare, l’infiammazione è coinvolta in una serie di patologie tra cui le miopatie. Così, un altro obiettivo di questo progetto è stato quello di investigare la capacità di e-PC di modulare in vitro importanti marcatori downstream dell’infiammazione presenti sia nei nelle cellule HUVEC e nei miotubi delle C2C12, entrambi stimolati con LPS. Per le HUVEC è stata verificata la capacità di adesione e di modulazione di miR-126, miR-146a, IL-6, IRAK-1, VCAM-1 e ICAM-1, mentre per i miotubi maturi delle C2C12 è stato analizzato il diametro dei miotubi e la modulazione del miR-146a. In breve, e-PC ha mostrato una limitata attività antiossidante in quanto riduce l'entità della morte cellulare causata da entrambi gli ossidanti (più attiva nei confronti della tossicità del tBOOH che del H2O2) sia nelle C2C12 che nelle altre linee cellulari utilizzate (U937 e HUVEC), suggerendo che l’effetto manca di specificità cellulare. L’attività antiossidante di e-PC è probabilmente dovuta alla sua capacità di chelare i metalli, una proprietà in grado di inibire la generazione dei radicali prodotta dalla reazione di Haber–Weiss. Questi risultati suggeriscono che e-PC ha un potenziale d’azione antiossidante, sebbene nei sistemi cellulari la sua scarsa biodisponibilità, maggiormente dovuta al suo alto peso molecolare, rappresenti un fattore limitante. In maniera interessante, e-PC inibisce efficacemente l’infiammazione indotta da LPS. Infatti i nostri risultati sulle HUVEC hanno mostrato che e-PC riduce l’espressione degli mRNA di VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IL-6 e IRAK-1 indotta da LPS, riduce significativamente l’espressione della proteina VCAM-1 e al contrario previene la riduzione dell’espressione di miR-126 causata dal LPS. È stato trovato un tendenziale incremento dell’espressione del miR-146a nelle HUVEC trattate con e-PC, un effetto compatibile con l’attività anti-infiammatoria. Inoltre, e-PC riduce notevolmente ed in maniera dose-dipendente l’adesione indotta dall’LPS delle U937 sulle HUVEC. Nei miotubi, e-PC ha prevenuto la riduzione del loro diametro e ridotto l’espressione del miR-146a indotta dall’LPS. Complessivamente questi risultati dimostrano che e-PC ha una blanda attività antiossidante ma, molto più importante, inibisce particolari marcatori dell’infiammazione indotti da LPS nei miotubi e nelle cellule endoteliali a concentrazioni sorprendentemente basse, di gran lunga inferiori a quelle richieste per l’attività antiossidante. Così AFA e/o e-PC estratto da AFA potrebbero essere usati come preparazioni alimentari adiuvanti nella gestione di malattie infiammatorie. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per meglio comprendere il meccanismo d’azione di e-PC, i cui risultati potrebbero aprire la strada ad un suo possibile utilizzo come farmaco anti-infiammatorio. Allo stato attuale e-PC potrebbe essere sfruttato in condizioni infiammatorie sensibili a trattamenti topici.

Valutazione dell'attività biologica e citoprotettiva della ficocianina da Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in colture cellulari miogeniche ed endoteliali esposte a stress ossidativo o stimoli infiammatori.

DIAZ, ANNA RITA
2016

Abstract

In the last few years, nutraceuticals have been receiving increased interest due to their potential nutritional and therapeutic effects. They might have a role in several biological processes, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses and the safeguarding of mitochondrial integrity. Thus, nutraceuticals may be used to prevent chronic diseases where oxidative stress, inflammatory mechanisms or lipid peroxidation play an etiological role. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a blue-green edible microalgae (cyanophyta) that grows wildly in Klamath Lake, Oregon. AFA is known to be rich in nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, proteins and enzymes that make it a superfood used as nutrition supplement. In particular, AFA is rich in phycocyanin (PCA). Phycocyanins (PCs) are photosynthetic blue pigments with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. However, with the exception of the articles by some authors, these properties have been studied in the PCs from other microalgae, and not in PC from AFA (PCA). The principal goal of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the cytoprotective/antioxidant effect induced by an aqueous extract of AFA rich in PCA (called e-PC) on C2C12 murine myoblasts as a model of skeletal muscle as well as in two human promonocytic and endothelial cell lines, namely U937 and HUVEC. We analysed the effects of e-PC on cell survival in the three cell lines and on the myogenic capacity of C2C12 myoblasts following oxidative stress caused by acute exposure to the radical generating agents H2O2 and tBOOH. Indeed, oxidative stress is known to trigger and/or participate to a wide number of toxic and pathophysiological pathways/responses, such as the differentiative imbalance of progenitor cells such as myoblasts, apoptosis and inflammation in virtually all cell types and tissues. Notably, inflammation is causally involved in a plethora of diseases including myopathies. Thus, another aim of this project was to investigate the capacity of e-PC to modulate relevant in vitro molecular and functional markers of inflammation in endothelial cells (HUVEC) and in C2C12 myotubes, both stimulated with LPS. The adhesion capacity and the modulation of miR-126, miR-146a, IL-6, IRAK-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were determined in HUVEC, the myotube diameter and the modulation of miR-146a were studied in C2C12 mature myotubes. Briefly, e-PC displayed a mild antioxidant activity since it reduced the extent of cell death caused by both oxidants (more active vs tBOOH than vs H2O2 toxicity) in C2C12 cells as well as in U937 and HUVEC cells, suggesting that the effect lacks cell-type specificity. e-PC antioxidant activity is likely due to its intracellular metal chelating ability, a property capable of inhibiting the radical generating Haber–Weiss reaction. These results suggest that e-PC has some potential as an antioxidant, although in cellular systems its presumably low bioavailability due to the high molecular weight represents a limiting factor. Interestingly, e-PC was shown to strongly inhibit inflammation induced by LPS. Indeed, our findings showed that e-PC effectively reduces LPS-induced mRNA expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IL-6 and IRAK-1, significantly down-regulates VCAM-1 protein expression and consistently prevents the down-regulation of miR-126 expression caused by LPS in HUVEC cells. A tendencial up-regulation of miR-146a was found in HUVEC, an effect conceivable with an anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, e-PC remarkably reduced U937 cell adhesion to LPS-induced HUVEC in a dose-dependent manner. As to C2C12 myotubes, e-PC prevented the reduction of myotube diameter and prevented miR-146a expression induced by LPS. Taken together, these results demonstrate that e-PC has a mild antioxidant potential but, more importantly, it inhibits relevant markers of myotube and endothelial LPS-induced inflammation at strikingly low concentration, far below those required for antioxidant activity. Thus, AFA and/or AFA-e-PC could be used in superfood preparations for the adjunctive management of inflammatory diseases. Further studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the e-PC mechanism of action and their results could pave the way to a possible use of e-PC as an anti-inflammatory drug which, at this stage, may be exploited in inflammatory conditions sensitive to topical treatments.
Evaluation of biological and cytoprotective effects induced by phycocyanin of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in myogenic and endhotelial cell coltures exposed to oxidative stress or inflammatory stimuli
2016
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