Bankruptcy deservedness is a parameter of judicial interpretation, used to select subjects to subtract from the harshest consequences of application of the bankruptcy law. In order to be able to serve volatile interests and to adapt to different punitive logics, deservedness must necessarily consist of an elastic clause. Unsurprisingly, over the last century, it initially represented the criterion, for the honest and unfortunate debtor, otherwise doomed to bankruptcy, to access the arrangements with creditors; thereafter it meant the filter through which the system has selected productive equipments and workforce of companies in crisis to be saved; finally, the limit of access to debt relief for the over-indebted operators. Its continuous metamorphosis has accompanied and facilitated the historical parable of insolvency law and the transition from a highly punitive and disruptive bankruptcy, to a law that takes on the rise and decline of large companies; which accentuates its negotiating and concordatory nature by leaving the articulation of respective interests to individuals; which configures the discharge as the conclusion of the bankruptcy, admitting the civil debtor, even the consumer, to the insolvency proceedings; which finally moves to the credit side by including a perspective of responsible lending. On the level of comparative research, the study draws on the experiences of common law systems, which introduced the concept of discharge and made the deservedness, for the first time a mandatory principle of law, a condition of it. The American bankruptcy model, in particular, by increasingly diluting the ethical charge of worthiness, has ended up producing a paradox by virtue of which, observing the credit system on a global scale, the debtor is no longer the subject who benefits from the discharge. The level of historical research, on the other hand, conveys a shorter distance from the British and American experiences, commonly conceived as archetypes of alterity. Analyzing bankruptcy from its origins to the late Renaissance, in fact, a common thread emerges in the development of ways to treat insolvency, that unites insular and continental Europe and which makes them mutually bonded. The concept of deservedness itself welds, in a single matrix, experiences elsewhere diverging into civils and commons, ranging from the Ciceronian inculpable debt, to Straccha’s honest and unfortunate debtors, to the similar ‘honest but unfortunate debtor’ concept of the Anglo-Saxon tradition since the Stuarts. From the perspective of current law, the recent stratification of regulatory interventions determined a range of meanings for deservedness (the creditors agreement’s one, the consumers plan’s one, the liquidation’s one, the dispossessed’s one, the creditworthiness’ one), in force at the same time. This multiplication will leave to the judges the task of choosing the intensity of the criterion, aware both of the risks associated with abandoning the traditional rigorous attitude, and of the need to adapt it to the solidarity issues, imposed by a historical climate that threatens commercial and civil debt.
La meritevolezza concorsuale è un criterio di interpretazione giudiziale utile a selezionare categorie di soggetti da sottrarre alle conseguenze più severe di applicazione della legge fallimentare. Per essere in grado di servire interessi mutevoli e di adattarsi a logiche punitive differenti, la meritevolezza deve necessariamente consistere in una clausola elastica. Non a caso, nell’arco dell’ultimo secolo, essa ha rappresentato il criterio di accesso al concordato preventivo del debitore commerciale onesto e sfortunato, altrimenti destinato al fallimento; poi il filtro attraverso il quale il sistema ha selezionato apparati produttivi e forza lavoro delle imprese in crisi da salvare; infine il limite di accesso alla esdebitazione per il debitore sovraindebitato. La sua continua metamorfosi ha accompagnato e facilitato la parabola storica del diritto concorsuale e la transizione da un diritto fallimentare fortemente punitivo e disgregativo degli apparati produttivi, a un diritto concorsuale che si fa carico dell’ascesa e del declino della grande impresa; che accentua la sua natura negoziale e concordataria rimettendo ai privati l’articolazione dei rispettivi interessi; che configura l’esdebitazione come conclusione del fallimento, ammettendo alle procedure concorsuali anche il debitore civile, finanche consumatore; che trasla, infine, nel versante creditorio con l’accoglimento di una prospettiva di responsible lending. Sul piano della ricerca comparata, lo studio attinge dalle esperienze afferenti ai sistemi di common law, che hanno introdotto il concetto di discharge e lo hanno condizionato ad una meritevolezza resa per la prima volta un principio di diritto cogente. Il modello concorsuale americano, in particolare, stemperando sempre più la carica etica della meritevolezza ha finito per produrre, nella sua storia recente, un paradosso in virtù del quale, osservato il sistema del credito su una scala sufficientemente ampia, non è più il debitore il soggetto che si giova della esdebitazione. Il piano della ricerca storica restituisce, invece, una minore distanza dalle esperienze concorsuali britannica e americana, vissute comunemente come archetipi di alterità. Attraverso una analisi del fallimento dalle origini al tardo Rinascimento, infatti, emerge un filo conduttore nello sviluppo di modalità di trattamento dell’insolvenza che accomuna Europa insulare e continentale, e che le rende per certi versi, reciprocamente, meno aliene. Ed è proprio il concetto di meritevolezza che salda, in un’unica matrice, esperienze che per altri versi vanno differenziandosi in civils e commons, trascorrendo dalla ciceroniana incolpevolezza dell’indebitamento, alla divisione tra debitori onesti e sfortunati e non dello Stracca, al medesimo honest but unfortunate debtor della tradizione anglosassone a partire dagli Stuart. Il piano della ricerca normativa evidenzia un notevole intervallo -prodotto dalla stratificazione degli interventi normativi- di declinazioni riconnesse alla meritevolezza (quella dell’accordo con i creditori, del piano del consumatore, della liquidazione dei beni, dell’incapiente e del credito) tutte contemporaneamente vigenti. Questa moltiplicazione di significati favorirà necessariamente l’intervento suppletivo della giurisprudenza, che dovrà esercitare una opzione interpretativa, avvertita tanto dei rischi connessi all’abbandono della tradizionale attitudine rigoristica, quanto della necessità di stemperarla in virtù non soltanto delle temperie economiche e sociali che minacciano il debito commerciale e civile, ma anche delle istanze solidaristiche che fondano il nostro sistema giuridico.
La meritevolezza concorsuale. Prospettive storiche e comparate dalle origini al nuovo Codice della Crisi d'Impresa e dell'Insolvenza: un focus sul consumatore.
Novella Iezzi
2021
Abstract
Bankruptcy deservedness is a parameter of judicial interpretation, used to select subjects to subtract from the harshest consequences of application of the bankruptcy law. In order to be able to serve volatile interests and to adapt to different punitive logics, deservedness must necessarily consist of an elastic clause. Unsurprisingly, over the last century, it initially represented the criterion, for the honest and unfortunate debtor, otherwise doomed to bankruptcy, to access the arrangements with creditors; thereafter it meant the filter through which the system has selected productive equipments and workforce of companies in crisis to be saved; finally, the limit of access to debt relief for the over-indebted operators. Its continuous metamorphosis has accompanied and facilitated the historical parable of insolvency law and the transition from a highly punitive and disruptive bankruptcy, to a law that takes on the rise and decline of large companies; which accentuates its negotiating and concordatory nature by leaving the articulation of respective interests to individuals; which configures the discharge as the conclusion of the bankruptcy, admitting the civil debtor, even the consumer, to the insolvency proceedings; which finally moves to the credit side by including a perspective of responsible lending. On the level of comparative research, the study draws on the experiences of common law systems, which introduced the concept of discharge and made the deservedness, for the first time a mandatory principle of law, a condition of it. The American bankruptcy model, in particular, by increasingly diluting the ethical charge of worthiness, has ended up producing a paradox by virtue of which, observing the credit system on a global scale, the debtor is no longer the subject who benefits from the discharge. The level of historical research, on the other hand, conveys a shorter distance from the British and American experiences, commonly conceived as archetypes of alterity. Analyzing bankruptcy from its origins to the late Renaissance, in fact, a common thread emerges in the development of ways to treat insolvency, that unites insular and continental Europe and which makes them mutually bonded. The concept of deservedness itself welds, in a single matrix, experiences elsewhere diverging into civils and commons, ranging from the Ciceronian inculpable debt, to Straccha’s honest and unfortunate debtors, to the similar ‘honest but unfortunate debtor’ concept of the Anglo-Saxon tradition since the Stuarts. From the perspective of current law, the recent stratification of regulatory interventions determined a range of meanings for deservedness (the creditors agreement’s one, the consumers plan’s one, the liquidation’s one, the dispossessed’s one, the creditworthiness’ one), in force at the same time. This multiplication will leave to the judges the task of choosing the intensity of the criterion, aware both of the risks associated with abandoning the traditional rigorous attitude, and of the need to adapt it to the solidarity issues, imposed by a historical climate that threatens commercial and civil debt.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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