This thesis presents five chapters on different aspects of monetary policy theory with a thorough analysis of the instruments at disposal of central banks (CBs) to stabilize and correct imbalances in globalized economic and financial markets. The recent shocks posed by the Covid-19 recession and energy crisis have changed the interdependencies between key economic actors, heavily affecting the mechanism of transmission of monetary policy. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the impact of such monetary instruments in a theoretical construct that includes non-linear relationships among variables, agents’ heterogeneity and limited rationality, market frictions, and asymmetric information. In particular, the agents’ expectations play a crucial role in monetary policy decisions and, in this work, are well represented by adaptive schemes that allow for learning, social interaction, imitation, and changing beliefs. Adaptive schemes are modeled in the form of discrete or continuous dynamical systems and their analysis provides new economic insights into the evolution process that leads to equilibrium or disequilibrium situations. This turns out to be precious from a policy-maker perspective because it helps to understand the intrinsic fragilities of the economic/financial systems, providing appropriate policy measures to mitigate them. After a brief literature review, chapter two focuses on the identification of an endogenous and dynamic Taylor rule for the short-term interest rate to target inflation and output gaps. The aim is to mitigate temporary economic unbalances and shocks. The results highlight the dilemma faced by the CBs in trade-off scenarios where it is not possible to fully achieve both goals with a unique instrument at their disposal. The third chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the dynamic relationship between the public debt ratio and the inflation rate. It is explored how different monetary policies (interest rate, quantitative easing, monetization) and active fiscal rules can avoid unstainable government debt paths and excessive inflation fluctuations. In low inflation scenarios, quantitative easing and moderate money finance can be helpful in stabilizing debt evolution thanks to their role in containing spreads and stimulating growth, while the effect on inflation rise is generally limited. Furthermore, interest-rate-based policy alone is not sufficient to control inflation: the CB’s credibility in driving inflation expectations results to be crucial to control price developments and achieving macroeconomic stability. One of the novelties of this analysis is the presence of a threshold level for both debt ratio and inflation, beyond which the debt ratio becomes unsustainable following an explosive path. Chapter four sheds light on the mechanisms through which a CB can implement the risks related to climate change in its unconventional monetary operations (e.g. a corporate bonds purchase program). The so-called green monetary policy aims to steer or tilt the allocation of assets and collateral toward low-carbon industries. In the model developed, this CB strategy effectively reduces the cost of capital for green bonds as opposed to conventional bonds, and thus favors sustainable investment/technology in the market. However, there still could be technology trap equilibria in which no investment in green technology occurs in the long-run, even if the non-green investment equilibrium is inefficient. The green monetary policy can help firms to leave these technology traps and the degree of market competition and of market imperfections can contribute to amplifying the effects of this instrument by the transmission channel...
Questa tesi presenta cinque capitoli su diversi aspetti della teoria della politica monetaria con un’analisi approfondita degli strumenti a disposizione delle banche centrali (BC) per stabilizzare e correggere gli squilibri nei mercati economici e finanziari globalizzati. I recenti shock provocati dalla recessione del Covid-19 e dalla crisi energetica hanno modificato le interdipendenze tra i principali attori economici, influenzando pesantemente il meccanismo di trasmissione della politica monetaria. L’obiettivo della tesi è indagare l’impatto di tali strumenti monetari in un costrutto teorico che include relazioni non-lineari tra variabili, eterogeneità degli agenti e razionalità limitata, frizioni di mercato e asimmetrie informative. In particolare, le aspettative degli agenti giocano un ruolo cruciale nelle decisioni di politica monetaria e, in questo lavoro, sono ben rappresentate da schemi adattivi che consentono l’apprendimento, l’interazione sociale, l’imitazione e il cambiamento di opinioni. Gli schemi adattivi sono modellati nella forma di sistemi dinamici a tempo discreto e continuo e la loro analisi fornisce nuove intuizioni economiche sul processo evolutivo che porta a situazioni di equilibrio o disequilibrio. Ciò si rivela prezioso in una prospettiva di policy-maker poiché aiuta a comprendere le fragilità intrinseche dei sistemi economici/finanziari, fornendo appropriate misure di policy per mitigarle. Dopo una breve rassegna della letteratura, il capitolo due si concentra sull’identificazione di una regola di Taylor endogena e dinamica per il tasso di interesse a breve termine al fine di ridurre l'inflazione e l'output gap. Lo scopo è quello di mitigare squilibri e shock economici temporanei. I risultati evidenziano il dilemma che le BC si trovano ad affrontare in scenari di trade-off in cui non è possibile raggiungere pienamente entrambi gli obiettivi con un unico strumento a disposizione. Il terzo capitolo fornisce un’analisi approfondita sulla relazione dinamica tra rapporto debito pubblico PIL e tasso di inflazione. Si esamina come diverse politiche monetarie (tasso di interesse, quantitative easing, monetizzazione) e regole fiscali attive possano evitare percorsi insostenibili del debito pubblico e fluttuazioni eccessive dell'inflazione. In scenari di bassa inflazione, il quantitative easing e una modesta monetizzazione finanziaria possono essere utili a stabilizzare l’evoluzione del debito grazie al loro ruolo di contenimento degli spread e di stimolo alla crescita, mentre l’effetto di incremento dell’inflazione è generalmente limitato. Inoltre, la politica basata sui tassi d'interesse da sola non è sufficiente a controllare l'inflazione: la credibilità della BC nel guidare le aspettative di inflazione risulta essere cruciale per controllare l'andamento dei prezzi e raggiungere la stabilità macroeconomica. Una delle novità di questa analisi è la presenza di un livello soglia sia per il rapporto debito/PIL che per l'inflazione, oltre il quale il rapporto debito/PIL diventa insostenibile seguendo un percorso esplosivo. Il quarto capitolo fa luce sui meccanismi attraverso i quali una BC può implementare i rischi legati al cambiamento climatico nelle sue operazioni monetarie non convenzionali (ad esempio, un programma di acquisto di obbligazioni societarie). La cosiddetta politica monetaria verde mira a orientare o a far convergere l'allocazione di attività e garanzie verso i settori industriali a basse emissioni di carbonio. Nel modello sviluppato, questa strategia della BC riduce effettivamente il costo del capitale per le obbligazioni verdi rispetto a quelle convenzionali, favorendo così gli investimenti/tecnologie sostenibili sul mercato...
MONETARY POLICY AND BANKING: NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC MODELS EVOLVING AS ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS
BACCHIOCCHI, ANDREA
2023
Abstract
This thesis presents five chapters on different aspects of monetary policy theory with a thorough analysis of the instruments at disposal of central banks (CBs) to stabilize and correct imbalances in globalized economic and financial markets. The recent shocks posed by the Covid-19 recession and energy crisis have changed the interdependencies between key economic actors, heavily affecting the mechanism of transmission of monetary policy. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the impact of such monetary instruments in a theoretical construct that includes non-linear relationships among variables, agents’ heterogeneity and limited rationality, market frictions, and asymmetric information. In particular, the agents’ expectations play a crucial role in monetary policy decisions and, in this work, are well represented by adaptive schemes that allow for learning, social interaction, imitation, and changing beliefs. Adaptive schemes are modeled in the form of discrete or continuous dynamical systems and their analysis provides new economic insights into the evolution process that leads to equilibrium or disequilibrium situations. This turns out to be precious from a policy-maker perspective because it helps to understand the intrinsic fragilities of the economic/financial systems, providing appropriate policy measures to mitigate them. After a brief literature review, chapter two focuses on the identification of an endogenous and dynamic Taylor rule for the short-term interest rate to target inflation and output gaps. The aim is to mitigate temporary economic unbalances and shocks. The results highlight the dilemma faced by the CBs in trade-off scenarios where it is not possible to fully achieve both goals with a unique instrument at their disposal. The third chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the dynamic relationship between the public debt ratio and the inflation rate. It is explored how different monetary policies (interest rate, quantitative easing, monetization) and active fiscal rules can avoid unstainable government debt paths and excessive inflation fluctuations. In low inflation scenarios, quantitative easing and moderate money finance can be helpful in stabilizing debt evolution thanks to their role in containing spreads and stimulating growth, while the effect on inflation rise is generally limited. Furthermore, interest-rate-based policy alone is not sufficient to control inflation: the CB’s credibility in driving inflation expectations results to be crucial to control price developments and achieving macroeconomic stability. One of the novelties of this analysis is the presence of a threshold level for both debt ratio and inflation, beyond which the debt ratio becomes unsustainable following an explosive path. Chapter four sheds light on the mechanisms through which a CB can implement the risks related to climate change in its unconventional monetary operations (e.g. a corporate bonds purchase program). The so-called green monetary policy aims to steer or tilt the allocation of assets and collateral toward low-carbon industries. In the model developed, this CB strategy effectively reduces the cost of capital for green bonds as opposed to conventional bonds, and thus favors sustainable investment/technology in the market. However, there still could be technology trap equilibria in which no investment in green technology occurs in the long-run, even if the non-green investment equilibrium is inefficient. The green monetary policy can help firms to leave these technology traps and the degree of market competition and of market imperfections can contribute to amplifying the effects of this instrument by the transmission channel...File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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