Women’s studies have witnessed a significant increase in interest among scholars since the second half of the past century, mainly due to the expansion of feminist ideas among women scholars. As has been observed by Giampiera Arrigoni (Le donne in Grecia, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2008), two main research areas emerged during these years: the first one dealt with the position of women in their οἶκος and their πόλις, while the second one was more concerned with how women’s status changed through the phases of their lives. Many publications which appeared in these years belonged to the first of these research areas: they explored the condition of women on a chronological basis, and on a thematic basis, with a focus on themes such as law, marriage, children, abortion, property, dowries and occupations. In most cases, they did it by analysing female literary representations, mainly derived from ἔπος and dramatic production. It is undeniable that there is a gap in the literature: Greek lyric poetry has rarely been considered a primary source for the social historian. Generally speaking, there are few cases in which female representation in Greek lyric sparked the interest of the scholars (with some exceptions). The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse how women were represented in archaic and classical Greek lyric, from the VII to the V century BCE. This dissertation aims to show how the representation of women varied across these genres and their different contexts of execution: ranging from Alcman to Pindar and Bacchylides, elegy, iambus, monodic and choral lyric are examined. Although literary representations are inevitably distorted by the bias of male authors, the sources are always analysed taking into account their level of reliability or representativeness, in order to see what the conceptions of women were. After a preliminary reading of all the lyric production from the VII to the V Century, it has been possible to identify all the fragments somehow connected to a female presence. Within this group, it has been possible to identify nine categories that are arranged according to a quantitative principle, from the most recurring to the least common: Women and rites; Mulieres loquentes; Beloved women; Mothers; Wives; Women for male pleasure (including ἑταῖραι, πόρναι and the so-called sacred prostitutes); Evil women; Daughters; Mirror women (i.e. women introduced in the poetic discourse just as a reflection of a man’s value). Most of the categories are further divided into three sections, devoted to female deities, mythical heroines and mortal women (the only exceptions being women for male pleasure and mirror women). Each fragment somehow connected to a female character is commented on from a literary, philological and stylistic point of view. Since Greek lyric cannot be confined into sections, cross references provide the reader with connections between the categories investigated. Even though the interest in female characters varies from one author to another, Greek lyric poetry apparently portrays a great variety of characters. This assortment is further enriched by the fragments of female poets, first of all Sappho, whose fragments allow us to draw parallels between male and female representations of women. This dissertation includes a general introduction about the representation of women in epic and dramatic poetry and the methodological problems dealt with over the research, and an iconographic appendix.

Come osservato Giampiera Arrigoni nell’introduzione a Le donne in Grecia (2008, p. XV), gli studi sulla condizione femminile si sono tendenzialmente disposti entro due filoni di ricerca: quello relativo alla posizione della donna nell’ οἶκος e nella πόλις, e quello che seguiva i cambiamenti di status sociale durante le diverse fasi della vita. Queste indagini si sono spesso avvalse dell’esame delle rappresentazioni letterarie dei personaggi femminili, attingendo dati principalmente (ma non esclusivamente) dalla poesia epica e da quella drammatica. In generale, la poesia lirica sembrerebbe aver esercitato un minore interesse tra gli studiosi in questo senso (con le dovute eccezioni). Obiettivo di questo lavoro, pertanto, è quello di fornire un’analisi sistematica della rappresentazione dei personaggi femminili nella lirica greca di età arcaica e classica. Includendo brani che vanno dal VII al V sec. a.C. circa, spaziando quindi dall’opera di Alcmane a quella di Pindaro e Bacchilide, il materiale esaminato si presenta multiforme sia per la varietà di generi poetici coinvolti, sia per la diversità contesti di produzione e esecuzione. Nella consapevolezza di dover lavorare con rappresentazioni letterarie, filtrate da uno sguardo maschile, le testimonianze sono analizzate tenendo conto del loro livello di affidabilità e rappresentatività, al fine di poter avvicinarsi a quali fossero le concezioni delle donne. Dopo una lettura preliminare della produzione lirica di età arcaica e classica, sono stati selezionati i frammenti in qualche modo legati a una presenza femminile. I brani individuati sono stati quindi divisi in nove categorie, ordinate secondo un criterio quantitativo, dalla più ricorrente a quella meno diffusa: Donne e rito; Mulieres loquentes; Donne amate; Madri; Mogli; Donne per il piacere (che includono ἑταῖραι, πόρναι e le cosiddette prostitute sacre); Donne malefiche; Figlie; Donne specchio (vale a dire donne menzionate come riflesso del valore maschile). La maggior parte delle categorie è ulteriormente suddivisa in tre sezioni, dedicate rispettivamente alle divinità femminili, alle eroine del mito e alle donne mortali (le uniche eccezioni sono costituite dalle Donne per il piacere e dalle Donne specchio, composte unicamente di donne mortali). Per ogni categoria individuata, è proposto un commento filologico-letterario e stilistico dei frammenti. Nella consapevolezza che la classificazione di un materiale duttile come la produzione poetica costituisce un’operazione rischiosa, e che una medesima figura può ricoprire diverse funzioni, sono stati introdotti rimandi interni tra le varie categorie laddove necessario. Nonostante l’interesse nei confronti delle figure femminili vari da un autore all’altro, è possibile riconoscere come, rispetto a generi come la poesia epica o drammatica, la poesia lirica sia caratterizzata da una notevole molteplicità di ruoli e funzioni del femminile. Questo risulta evidente soprattutto nella caratterizzazione delle eroine del mito, meglio definite rispetto alle donne mortali, rappresentate per lo più in forme essenziali. La varietà del materiale raccolto è sicuramente arricchita dalla produzione delle poetesse femminili, in primo luogo Saffo, che con i suoi frammenti, restituisce uno sguardo femminile sul femminile, e consente di trarre conclusioni relativamente all’esistenza di eventuali differenze tra sguardo maschile e femminile. Il lavoro include anche un’introduzione generale, che ripercorre sinteticamente le modalità con cui le donne sono state rappresentate nella poesia epica e drammatica e offre un quadro dei problemi incontrati nella catalogazione del materiale, e un’appendice iconografica.

Immagini e funzioni del femminile nella lirica greca arcaica e classica

BIANCHI, IRENE
2023

Abstract

Women’s studies have witnessed a significant increase in interest among scholars since the second half of the past century, mainly due to the expansion of feminist ideas among women scholars. As has been observed by Giampiera Arrigoni (Le donne in Grecia, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2008), two main research areas emerged during these years: the first one dealt with the position of women in their οἶκος and their πόλις, while the second one was more concerned with how women’s status changed through the phases of their lives. Many publications which appeared in these years belonged to the first of these research areas: they explored the condition of women on a chronological basis, and on a thematic basis, with a focus on themes such as law, marriage, children, abortion, property, dowries and occupations. In most cases, they did it by analysing female literary representations, mainly derived from ἔπος and dramatic production. It is undeniable that there is a gap in the literature: Greek lyric poetry has rarely been considered a primary source for the social historian. Generally speaking, there are few cases in which female representation in Greek lyric sparked the interest of the scholars (with some exceptions). The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse how women were represented in archaic and classical Greek lyric, from the VII to the V century BCE. This dissertation aims to show how the representation of women varied across these genres and their different contexts of execution: ranging from Alcman to Pindar and Bacchylides, elegy, iambus, monodic and choral lyric are examined. Although literary representations are inevitably distorted by the bias of male authors, the sources are always analysed taking into account their level of reliability or representativeness, in order to see what the conceptions of women were. After a preliminary reading of all the lyric production from the VII to the V Century, it has been possible to identify all the fragments somehow connected to a female presence. Within this group, it has been possible to identify nine categories that are arranged according to a quantitative principle, from the most recurring to the least common: Women and rites; Mulieres loquentes; Beloved women; Mothers; Wives; Women for male pleasure (including ἑταῖραι, πόρναι and the so-called sacred prostitutes); Evil women; Daughters; Mirror women (i.e. women introduced in the poetic discourse just as a reflection of a man’s value). Most of the categories are further divided into three sections, devoted to female deities, mythical heroines and mortal women (the only exceptions being women for male pleasure and mirror women). Each fragment somehow connected to a female character is commented on from a literary, philological and stylistic point of view. Since Greek lyric cannot be confined into sections, cross references provide the reader with connections between the categories investigated. Even though the interest in female characters varies from one author to another, Greek lyric poetry apparently portrays a great variety of characters. This assortment is further enriched by the fragments of female poets, first of all Sappho, whose fragments allow us to draw parallels between male and female representations of women. This dissertation includes a general introduction about the representation of women in epic and dramatic poetry and the methodological problems dealt with over the research, and an iconographic appendix.
30-mag-2023
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11576/2715951
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