My PhD research analyses the odes of the archaic and late-archaic lyrical-choral tradition from Alcman up to Pindar celebrating the virtues of valiant men and performed for liturgical rites or public occasions. The aim is to reconstruct the evolution of the musical style of praise poems: that is, κατὰ δάκτυλον and κατ'ἐνόπλιον structures, often combined with epitritic elements. In Pindar’s Epinicians the numerous and well-preserved dactylo-epitrites or κατ'ἐνόπλιον-epitrites represent a highly developed stage of this metrical type and the acmé of this musical tradition. In order to study the synchronic and diachronic development of these meters, it is crucial to place this versification style in the broader context of the musical tradition of the praise poems and to examine the κατὰ δάκτυλον and κατ'ἐνόπλιον odes, even those without epitritic elements. The overall structure of these compositions is attested by ancient colometries, but not described by ancient metricologists. We have some of the ancient colometrical editions of lyric poets, edited by the Alexandrian scholars and transmitted by Hellenistic, Roman and late-antique papyri and medieval manuscripts, as well as the ancient metrical and rhythmical exegesis, which is limited, but not absent. The lack of ancient sources has led modern scholars to often modify the ancient colometries, resulting in many and often contradictory interpretations. But modern definitions and metrical normalizations do not allow us to catch the metrical meaning of these structures. For these reasons, my analysis and categorisation of the odes is based on the surviving ancient sources, since not all the ancient poetic heritage is supported by direct tradition and many fragments from indirect tradition are transmitted without a colometrical layout. With this methodological approach, I analysed the odes of Alcman, Ibycus, Simonides Bacchylides and Pindar. Besides the analysis and taxonomy of the metrical structure of the whole archaic and late-archaic musical tradition of praise poems, I dealt with some aspects of musical semantics. My research also aims at finding a possible link between the metrics and textual contents of these odes, as the meaning is deeply related to the metrical and rhythmical texture. It is essential to bear in mind that these odes were sung: the words were not only in rhythm, but also sung in tune. In this context, the metrical, rhythmical and musical elements are clearly tools enhancing the semantic value of the textual content: meter and meaning combine, they are cohesive and in continuous dialogue. They belong to the dimension of auditory perception together with the hic et nunc of the performance itself, and it is also for this reason that it is necessary to observe and study the ancient testimonia. This kind of study allows us to tentatively – and hopefully – guess firstly the artistic intention of the ancient composers; secondly, the original expressiveness of the ancient songs, as well as the experience of spectatorship.
I cosiddetti dattilo-epitriti o κατ’ἐνόπλιον-epitriti, di cui abbiamo testimonianza nelle colometrie antiche, sono una tipologia metrica, la cui struttura complessiva non è descritta dalla tradizione dei metricologi. Le definizioni e interpretazioni di cui disponiamo, frutto dello studio dei filologi moderni, sono molteplici e spesso divergenti. In Pindaro, i cosiddetti dai moderni dattilo-epitriti o κατ’ἐνόπλιον-epitriti, che sono rappresentati in grande quantità nei suoi Epinici, si configurano come una tipologia metrica matura, esito di una tradizione musicale che con Pindaro raggiunge la forma evoluta. Dovendo procedere a un’analisi sincronica e all’osservazione dello sviluppo diacronico di questi metri, è stato necessario estendere il campo di osservazione e sottoporre all’analisi tutta la documentazione antica in nostro possesso relativa ai canti di tipo encomiastico, ossia tutti i canti di tema celebrativo e liturgico-rituale, che includano elementi tipici dell’ἔπαινος. Sono stati oggetto di indagine, dunque, i canti della tradizione lirico-corale arcaica e tardo-arcaica volti a celebrare i meriti e le virtù degli uomini valenti, e destinati a cerimonie e liturgie o a esecuzioni pubbliche, vale a dire la produzione lirica encomiastica di Alcmane, Ibico, Simonide, Bacchilide e Pindaro. E di questo corpus si è tentato di ricostruire l’evoluzione e lo sviluppo dello stile musicale della facies metrico-ritmica tipica, cioè le strutture κατὰ δάκτυλον e κατ’ἐνόπλιον, spesso in combinazione con elementi epitritici. Quando ci si occupa della metrica di componimenti originariamente destinati al canto, musicati, e, quindi, indissolubilmente connessi con la dimensione dell’αἴσθησις, della percezione uditiva, e con lo hic et nunc della performance, è necessario cominciare dalla observatio della tradizione antica. Disponiamo infatti di un certo quantitativo di documentazione esegetica antica in materia di metrica e ritmica, e in alcuni casi delle antiche edizioni colometriche dei poeti elaborate dai grammatici di Alessandria, conservate dai papiri di età ellenistica, romana e tardoantica, e dai manoscritti medioevali. Ma non tutto il patrimonio poetico che giunge dall’antichità è supportato dalla tradizione diretta, e i molti frammenti conservati per tradizione indiretta giungono privi di ogni divisione colometrica. Per cui, attenersi alle fonti antiche appare necessario nel tentativo di avvicinarci il più possibile a comprendere l’intenzione artistica degli antichi compositori e, insieme, la percezione degli ascoltatori, e allo stesso tempo tracciare una storia culturale di questa tradizione metrico-ritmica. Avendo questo in mente, poiché gli elementi metrici, ritmici e musicali sono chiaramente strumenti che rafforzano il valore semantico del contenuto poetico, a seguito dell’analisi e della tassonomia della struttura metrica indagata all’interno della tradizione musicale arcaica e tardo-arcaica della lode, è sembrato opportuno occuparsi di alcuni aspetti di semantica musicale, al fine di trovare un possibile legame tra la metrica e la materia testuale.
La tradizione metrico-ritmica del canto di lode: κατὰ δάκτυλον e κατ’ἐνόπλιον da Alcmane a Pindaro
DI GRAZIA, MARIANGELA
2024
Abstract
My PhD research analyses the odes of the archaic and late-archaic lyrical-choral tradition from Alcman up to Pindar celebrating the virtues of valiant men and performed for liturgical rites or public occasions. The aim is to reconstruct the evolution of the musical style of praise poems: that is, κατὰ δάκτυλον and κατ'ἐνόπλιον structures, often combined with epitritic elements. In Pindar’s Epinicians the numerous and well-preserved dactylo-epitrites or κατ'ἐνόπλιον-epitrites represent a highly developed stage of this metrical type and the acmé of this musical tradition. In order to study the synchronic and diachronic development of these meters, it is crucial to place this versification style in the broader context of the musical tradition of the praise poems and to examine the κατὰ δάκτυλον and κατ'ἐνόπλιον odes, even those without epitritic elements. The overall structure of these compositions is attested by ancient colometries, but not described by ancient metricologists. We have some of the ancient colometrical editions of lyric poets, edited by the Alexandrian scholars and transmitted by Hellenistic, Roman and late-antique papyri and medieval manuscripts, as well as the ancient metrical and rhythmical exegesis, which is limited, but not absent. The lack of ancient sources has led modern scholars to often modify the ancient colometries, resulting in many and often contradictory interpretations. But modern definitions and metrical normalizations do not allow us to catch the metrical meaning of these structures. For these reasons, my analysis and categorisation of the odes is based on the surviving ancient sources, since not all the ancient poetic heritage is supported by direct tradition and many fragments from indirect tradition are transmitted without a colometrical layout. With this methodological approach, I analysed the odes of Alcman, Ibycus, Simonides Bacchylides and Pindar. Besides the analysis and taxonomy of the metrical structure of the whole archaic and late-archaic musical tradition of praise poems, I dealt with some aspects of musical semantics. My research also aims at finding a possible link between the metrics and textual contents of these odes, as the meaning is deeply related to the metrical and rhythmical texture. It is essential to bear in mind that these odes were sung: the words were not only in rhythm, but also sung in tune. In this context, the metrical, rhythmical and musical elements are clearly tools enhancing the semantic value of the textual content: meter and meaning combine, they are cohesive and in continuous dialogue. They belong to the dimension of auditory perception together with the hic et nunc of the performance itself, and it is also for this reason that it is necessary to observe and study the ancient testimonia. This kind of study allows us to tentatively – and hopefully – guess firstly the artistic intention of the ancient composers; secondly, the original expressiveness of the ancient songs, as well as the experience of spectatorship.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: La tradizione metrico-ritmica del canto di lode: κατὰ δάκτυλον e κατ’ἐνόπλιον da Alcmane a Pindaro
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