The scientific community (AAIDD, 2021; APA, 2013; WHO, 2024) agrees that the diagnosis of Intellectual Disability (ID) requires the joint assessment of intellectual functioning, through IQ estimation, and Adaptive Behavior (AB), which is divided into the Social, Communication and Daily Living Skills dimensions. Alexander & Reynolds (2020) showed that these two constructs, although independent, are associated with each other. A recent work by Valentini (2022) investigated in 94 adults with ID the relationships between verbal and non-verbal intelligence, detected respectively through the WAIS-IV Scale and the Raven Colored Matrices (CPM), and AB, estimated through the Vineland Scales-II (VABS-II). The results showed, on one hand, positive associations between the scores on the VABS-II Scale and the measures of intelligence, both verbal and non-verbal; and, on the other hand, through linear regression models, influences of the WAIS-IV Total IQ on the score of the VABS-II Composite Scale. Moreover, the study found implications on the overall adaptive score of the crystallized intelligence index (Verbal Comprehension Index – ICV). The domain of Daily Living Skills was found to be the most influenced by the different cognitive indexes, unlike what was reported in the literature (Reschly, 1982). Furthermore, for assessment purposes, numerous studies (e.g., Nader et al., 2016; Giofré et al., 2019) showed that the assessment of intellectual functioning through verbal tests, such as the Wechsler Scales, could underestimate the intellectual potential of individuals belonging to clinical conditions compared to non-verbal tests (e.g. CPM, Leiter-3 Scale): there might be linguistic impairments that would affect the assessment, as emerged for example in the case of autism. The present work has two main objectives. The first was to extend Valentini’s work (2022) to assess the relationships between the different domains of Adaptive Behavior and verbal and non-verbal intelligence and cognitive abilities in a sample of individuals with ID, in order to investigate the implications of intelligence, with particular regard to the fluid intelligence, on AB. To do this, the Leiter-3 Scale, a completely non-verbal test useful for estimating the fluid components of intelligence (Roid & Koch, 2017), was added to the battery of tests used by Valentini. Furthermore, the work aimed to verify analogies/differences in the estimate of IQ between verbal and non-verbal intelligence tests. Forty participants with ID have been recruited (mean age = 34.38 years, SD = 14.15; range: 18-64 years), to whom the WAIS-IV, CPM and Leiter-3 Scales were administered; while the VABS-II was administered to their respective parents/caregivers. Among the main results, as expected, the mean IQ scores of the non-verbal CPM and Leiter-3 instruments were higher than the verbal IQ of the WAIS-IV Scale , indicative of the fact that a verbal assessment may underestimate the intellectual profile of adults with ID. Regarding the relationships between intelligence and AB, significant positive correlations emerged, in particular between the IQ indexes of the three intelligence tests and general AB VABS-II index . From the regression analyses results, despite the better cognitive performances on non-verbal tests, specific influences of crystallized intelligence components (e.g., WAIS-IV Total IQ) emerged both on the general index of the VABS-II and on the three domains of AB. Furthermore, Daily Living Skills was the domain most influenced by both verbal and non-verbal intellectual indexes, as previously shown by Valentini (2022). Overall, the results indicate that, in individuals with ID, besides a complex and intricate relationship between verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities, crystallized intelligence abilities exert a specific influence on AB. This is plausible to the extent that performance in both crystallized intelligence and AB results from experiential learning.

La comunità scientifica (AAIDD, 2021; APA, 2013; WHO, 2024) è concorde sul fatto che la diagnosi di Disabilità Intellettiva (DI) richiede la valutazione congiunta del funzionamento intellettivo, attraverso stima del QI, e del Comportamento Adattivo (CA). È stato dimostrato che questi due costrutti, seppur indipendenti, sono associati tra loro (Alexander & Reynolds, 2020). Un recente lavoro di Valentini (2022) ha indagato in 94 adulti con DI le relazioni tra intelligenza, verbale e non verbale, rilevate rispettivamente attraverso la Scala WAIS-IV e le Matrici Colorate di Raven (CPM), ed il Comportamento Adattivo (CA), stimato attraverso le Scale Vineland-II (VABS-II). I risultati hanno evidenziato, da un lato, associazioni positive tra i punteggi alla Scala VABS-II e le misure di intelligenza, sia verbale che non verbale e, dall’altro, attraverso modelli di regressione lineare, influenze del QI Totale WAIS-IV sul punteggio della Scala Composta VABS-II, oltre che implicazioni sul punteggio adattivo complessivo dell’indice di intelligenza cristallizzata (Indice di Comprensione Verbale – ICV). Il dominio dell’Abilità del Vivere Quotidiano è risultato quello maggiormente influenzato dai diversi indici cognitivi, a differenza di quanto riscontrato nella letteratura (Reschly ,1982). Inoltre, ai fini dell’assessment, numerose ricerche (ad es., Nader et al., 2016; Giofré et al., 2019) hanno dimostrato che la valutazione del funzionamento intellettivo attraverso test verbali, quali le Scale Wechsler, potrebbero sottostimare le potenzialità intellettive degli individui appartenenti a condizioni cliniche rispetto a test non verbali (ad es. CPM, Scala Leiter-3), in quanto possono essere presenti compromissioni linguistiche che inficerebbero sull’assessment, come emerso per esempio nel caso dell’autismo. Il presente lavoro si è posto due obiettivi principali. Il primo era estendere il lavoro di Valentini (2022), ovvero verificare le relazioni che intercorrono tra i diversi domini del CA e le componenti di intelligenza e abilità cognitive, verbali e non verbali, in un campione di individui DI, al fine di indagare le implicazioni dell’intelligenza, con particolare riguardo alle componenti fluide, sul CA. Per fare ciò, è stata aggiunta alla batteria di test usata da Valentini la Scala Leiter-3, test interamente non verbale, utile per la stima delle componenti fluide dell’intelligenza (Roid & Koch, 2017). Inoltre, il lavoro ha inteso verificare analogie/differenze nella stima del QI tra gli strumenti d’intelligenza verbali e non verbali. Sono stati reclutati 40 partecipanti DI (Età media = 34.38 anni, DS = 14.15; range: 18-64), a cui sono state somministrate le Scale WAIS-IV, CPM e Leiter-3; mentre le VABS-II sono state somministrate ai rispettivi caregivers. Tra i risultati principali, si sono evidenziati punteggi medi superiori ai QI degli strumenti non verbali CPM e Leiter-3 rispetto al QI verbale della Scala WAIS-IV, dato indicativo del fatto che un assessment verbale possa sottostimare il profilo intellettivo degli adulti DI. Per quanto riguarda le relazioni tra intelligenza e CA, sono emerse correlazioni positive statisticamente significative, in particolare tra gli indici QI dei tre strumenti d’intelligenza e l’indice complessivo di CA VABS-II. Dai risultati alle analisi di regressione, invece, sono emerse specifiche influenze delle componenti cristallizzate dell’intelligenza (ad es., QI Totale WAIS-IV) sia sull’indice composito generale VABS-II, sia sui tre domini del CA. Complessivamente, i risultati emersi indicherebbero che negli individui con DI, oltre ad una articolata e complessa relazione tra abilità cognitive verbali e non verbali, le abilità di intelligenza cristallizzata esercitano una specifica influenza sul CA. Ciò è plausibile nella misura in cui le prestazioni sia nell’intelligenza cristallizzata che nel CA sono frutto di apprendimenti sulla base dell’esperienza.

RELAZIONI TRA INTELLIGENZA VERBALE E NON VERBALE E COMPORTAMENTO ADATTIVO IN ADULTI CON DISABILITÀ INTELLETTIVA

FERRANDES, FEDERICO
2024

Abstract

The scientific community (AAIDD, 2021; APA, 2013; WHO, 2024) agrees that the diagnosis of Intellectual Disability (ID) requires the joint assessment of intellectual functioning, through IQ estimation, and Adaptive Behavior (AB), which is divided into the Social, Communication and Daily Living Skills dimensions. Alexander & Reynolds (2020) showed that these two constructs, although independent, are associated with each other. A recent work by Valentini (2022) investigated in 94 adults with ID the relationships between verbal and non-verbal intelligence, detected respectively through the WAIS-IV Scale and the Raven Colored Matrices (CPM), and AB, estimated through the Vineland Scales-II (VABS-II). The results showed, on one hand, positive associations between the scores on the VABS-II Scale and the measures of intelligence, both verbal and non-verbal; and, on the other hand, through linear regression models, influences of the WAIS-IV Total IQ on the score of the VABS-II Composite Scale. Moreover, the study found implications on the overall adaptive score of the crystallized intelligence index (Verbal Comprehension Index – ICV). The domain of Daily Living Skills was found to be the most influenced by the different cognitive indexes, unlike what was reported in the literature (Reschly, 1982). Furthermore, for assessment purposes, numerous studies (e.g., Nader et al., 2016; Giofré et al., 2019) showed that the assessment of intellectual functioning through verbal tests, such as the Wechsler Scales, could underestimate the intellectual potential of individuals belonging to clinical conditions compared to non-verbal tests (e.g. CPM, Leiter-3 Scale): there might be linguistic impairments that would affect the assessment, as emerged for example in the case of autism. The present work has two main objectives. The first was to extend Valentini’s work (2022) to assess the relationships between the different domains of Adaptive Behavior and verbal and non-verbal intelligence and cognitive abilities in a sample of individuals with ID, in order to investigate the implications of intelligence, with particular regard to the fluid intelligence, on AB. To do this, the Leiter-3 Scale, a completely non-verbal test useful for estimating the fluid components of intelligence (Roid & Koch, 2017), was added to the battery of tests used by Valentini. Furthermore, the work aimed to verify analogies/differences in the estimate of IQ between verbal and non-verbal intelligence tests. Forty participants with ID have been recruited (mean age = 34.38 years, SD = 14.15; range: 18-64 years), to whom the WAIS-IV, CPM and Leiter-3 Scales were administered; while the VABS-II was administered to their respective parents/caregivers. Among the main results, as expected, the mean IQ scores of the non-verbal CPM and Leiter-3 instruments were higher than the verbal IQ of the WAIS-IV Scale , indicative of the fact that a verbal assessment may underestimate the intellectual profile of adults with ID. Regarding the relationships between intelligence and AB, significant positive correlations emerged, in particular between the IQ indexes of the three intelligence tests and general AB VABS-II index . From the regression analyses results, despite the better cognitive performances on non-verbal tests, specific influences of crystallized intelligence components (e.g., WAIS-IV Total IQ) emerged both on the general index of the VABS-II and on the three domains of AB. Furthermore, Daily Living Skills was the domain most influenced by both verbal and non-verbal intellectual indexes, as previously shown by Valentini (2022). Overall, the results indicate that, in individuals with ID, besides a complex and intricate relationship between verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities, crystallized intelligence abilities exert a specific influence on AB. This is plausible to the extent that performance in both crystallized intelligence and AB results from experiential learning.
10-dic-2024
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Descrizione: RELAZIONI TRA INTELLIGENZA VERBALE E NON VERBALE E COMPORTAMENTO ADATTIVO IN ADULTI CON DISABILITÀ INTELLETTIVA
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11576/2747831
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