The work came about as a result of European funding aimed at strengthening the link between research, ‘professional formation (in the primary production sectors and its supply chain) and administrative structures related to the turnaround identified by the ‘green transition’. In the case of philosophical research, the specific object of the project was the text of the proposal for a European Green Deal, dated 2019. The work starts by considering that projects for an economic policy have a dual composition: on the one hand, they concern budgetary manoeuvres and resource allocation calculations, on the other hand, they rest on ideological narratives that are useful to identify valid goals for a certain political body (EU). In order to deal with the complexity of a political and economic proposal, it was decided to lay out the thesis as follows: (1) in an introductory section, were listed the tools useful for a critical theory and concrete analysis of ideology, taking into account its effects in the actions of human beings, demonstrated by the most common case histories in the field of ecology (catastrophism and denialism). A generic definition of ecology was given as the relationship between ‘human’ and ‘world’, and an initial distinction was made between positions that preach change and conservative positions. Specific terminology was adopted based on the concept of utopia; (2) this was followed by a section devoted to ecological proposals that we have called ‘inverted utopias’, linked to environmental movements and the concepts of care and degrowth. An attempt was made to demonstrate the importance of a materialistic approach to thought in order to conceptualize politics as ontological logic; (3) at the end of this section, it was felt necessary to discuss the philosophical figure of Louis Althusser. Through a comparison with the concept of ‘process without subject’, the means were extrapolated to distinguish between inverted utopias and political utopias; (4) having obtained this distinction, we moved on to deal with a case of political utopia, ecosocialism, born in the wake of Marxisms of ecological projection, currently very active; (5) the last chapter, transitioning from political utopia to effective politics, takes stock of the ecological practices concretely underway today (European GND, state policies, struggles from below and trade unions), attempting to answer two questions: does the ‘ecology’ node determine a subject? And which subjectivities are actually political in the ecologist dynamic?

Il lavoro nasce a seguito di finanziamenti europei volti a rafforzare il legame fra ricerca, “mondo del lavoro” (i settori produttivi del primario e la loro filiera) e strutture amministrative connesse alla svolta identificata col termine ombrello “green”. Nel caso della ricerca filosofica, l’oggetto specifico del progetto fu il testo della proposta per un Green New Deal Europeo, datata 2019. Il lavoro parte col considerare che i progetti per una politica economica hanno una doppia composizione: da un lato riguardano manovre di bilancio e calcoli d’allocazione di risorse, dall’altro si reggono su narrazioni ideologiche utili ad individuare obbiettivi validi per un determinato corpo politico (UE). Per affrontare la complessità di una proposta politica ed economica, si è deciso di stendere la tesi in questo modo: (1) in una sezione introduttiva si sono elencati gli strumenti utili ad una teoria critica e ad un’analisi concreta dell’ideologia, che ne tenga in conto gli effetti nell’agire degli esseri umani, dimostrato dalle casistiche più comuni in materia di ecologia (catastrofismo e negazionismo). Si è data una definizione generica di ecologia come rapporto fra ‘umano’ e ‘mondo’, e una prima distinzione fra posizioni che predicano un cambiamento e posizioni conservatrici. Si è adottata una terminologia specifica basata sul concetto di utopia; (2) a seguire si è dedicata una sezione alle proposte ecologiche che abbiamo definito “utopie capovolte”, legate ai movimenti ambientalisti e ai concetti di cura e di decrescita. Si è tentata di dimostrare l’importanza di un’impostazione materialistica del pensiero per pensare la politica come logica ontologica; (3) al termine di questa trattazione si è creduto di dover discutere la figura filosofica di Louis Althusser. Attraverso un confronto con il concetto di ‘processo senza soggetto’ si è estrapolati i mezzi per distinguere tra utopie capovolte ed utopie politiche; (4) ottenuta questa distinzione si è passati a trattare un caso di utopia politica, l’ecosocialismo, nato nel solco dei marxismi di proiezione ecologista, attualmente molto attivi; (5) l’ultimo capitolo, passaggio da utopia politica a politica effettuale, trae un bilancio delle prassi ecologiste oggi concretamente in atto (GND europeo, politiche di stato, lotte dal basso e sindacali), cercando di rispondere a due domande: il nodo ‘ecologia’ determina un soggetto? E quali sono le soggettività effettivamente politiche nella dinamica ecologista?

Critica e limiti del Green Deal europeo

BALLARINI, GIULIO
2025

Abstract

The work came about as a result of European funding aimed at strengthening the link between research, ‘professional formation (in the primary production sectors and its supply chain) and administrative structures related to the turnaround identified by the ‘green transition’. In the case of philosophical research, the specific object of the project was the text of the proposal for a European Green Deal, dated 2019. The work starts by considering that projects for an economic policy have a dual composition: on the one hand, they concern budgetary manoeuvres and resource allocation calculations, on the other hand, they rest on ideological narratives that are useful to identify valid goals for a certain political body (EU). In order to deal with the complexity of a political and economic proposal, it was decided to lay out the thesis as follows: (1) in an introductory section, were listed the tools useful for a critical theory and concrete analysis of ideology, taking into account its effects in the actions of human beings, demonstrated by the most common case histories in the field of ecology (catastrophism and denialism). A generic definition of ecology was given as the relationship between ‘human’ and ‘world’, and an initial distinction was made between positions that preach change and conservative positions. Specific terminology was adopted based on the concept of utopia; (2) this was followed by a section devoted to ecological proposals that we have called ‘inverted utopias’, linked to environmental movements and the concepts of care and degrowth. An attempt was made to demonstrate the importance of a materialistic approach to thought in order to conceptualize politics as ontological logic; (3) at the end of this section, it was felt necessary to discuss the philosophical figure of Louis Althusser. Through a comparison with the concept of ‘process without subject’, the means were extrapolated to distinguish between inverted utopias and political utopias; (4) having obtained this distinction, we moved on to deal with a case of political utopia, ecosocialism, born in the wake of Marxisms of ecological projection, currently very active; (5) the last chapter, transitioning from political utopia to effective politics, takes stock of the ecological practices concretely underway today (European GND, state policies, struggles from below and trade unions), attempting to answer two questions: does the ‘ecology’ node determine a subject? And which subjectivities are actually political in the ecologist dynamic?
13-mag-2025
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11576/2755491
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