Fałszerstwo w piśmie i fałszerstwo w sztuce w zakresie ekspertyzy: aktualne problemy Forgery in writing and forgery in art in the field of expertise: current problems

This article compares the characteristics of handwriting forgery with those of art forgery, with reference to the graphic-writing and artistic domains, from a technical-grapho-logical, technical-artistic, and expert perspective. Forgery itselj, both of handwriting and artistic works, is analyzed from the perspective of "art", meaning the specific skill of the forger, possessing, on the one hand, the imitative skill of writing and, on the other, the skill of painting or sculpture reproduction, both resulting from a conscious and precise graphic gesture. Therefore, the need for interdisciplinary expertise in technical and expert research is emphasized, involving expert graphologists and art historians in the difficult task of identifying forgeries. In both cases, specialists are called upon to study the dynamics of graphic gesture: an art expert in the field of artistic forgeries and a handwriting expert in the field of handwriting forgery. Particular attention is paid to the nature of the forger and the technical complexity of imitation, seen as an expression of a mimetic identity stemming from a particular innate ability, also honed through constant practice. Through emblematic cases such as the Dreyfus Affair of the late 19th century, the Modigliani forgeries, and the Mussolini diaries, followed by an in-depth analysis of the Morandi forgery, the article highlights the difficulties of attributing authenticity and the importance of graphic and graphological analysis in forensic assessment. In conclusion, the article offers a critical reflection on the very concept of authenticity, identifying wri-ting, like a work of art, as a unique expression of individual identity.