In-situ measurements of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can be used to the assess their global and regional emissions and to check for compliance with phase-out schedules under Montreal protocol and its amendments. The atmospheric mixing ratios of CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2) and CFC-113 (CCl2F-CClF2) have been measured by an automated in-situ GC-ECDs system at the regional Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station Shangdianzi (SDZ), from November 2006 to October 2009. The time series for these three principal CFCs showed large episodic events and background conditions occurred for approximately 30% (CFC-11), 52% (CFC-12) and 56% (CFC-113) of the measurements. The mean background mixing ratios for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 were 244.8 ppt (parts per trillion, 10(-12), molar) 539.6 ppt and 76.8 ppt, respectively, for 2006-2009. The enhanced CFC mixing ratios compared to AGAGE sites such as Trinidad Head (THD), US and Mace Head (MHD), Ireland suggest regional influences even during background conditions at SDZ, which is much closer to highly-populated areas. Between 2006 and 2009 background CFCs exhibited downward trends at rates of -2.0 ppt yr(-1) for CFC-11, -2.5 ppt yr(-1) for CFC-12 and -0.7 ppt yr(-1) for CFC-113. De-trended 3-year average background seasonal cycles displayed small fluctuations with peak-to-trough amplitudes of 1.0 +/- 0.02 ppt (0.4%) for background CFC-11, 1.3 +/- 2.1 ppt (0.3%) for CFC-12 and 0.2 +/- 0.4 ppt (0.3%) for CFC-113. On the other hand, during pollution periods these CFCs showed much larger seasonal cycles of 11.2 +/- 10.7 ppt (5%) for CFC-11, 7.5 +/- 6.5 ppt (2%) for CFC-12 and 1.0 +/- 1.2 ppt (1.2%) for CFC-113, with apparent winter minima and early summer maxima. This enhancement was attributed to prevailing wind directions from urban regions in summer and to enhanced anthropogenic sources during the warm season. In general, horizontal winds from northeast showed negative contribution to atmospheric CFCs loading, whereas South Western advection (urban sector: Beijing) had positive contributions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Analysis of 3-year observations of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 from a semi-rural site in China
MAIONE, MICHELA;
2010
Abstract
In-situ measurements of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can be used to the assess their global and regional emissions and to check for compliance with phase-out schedules under Montreal protocol and its amendments. The atmospheric mixing ratios of CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2) and CFC-113 (CCl2F-CClF2) have been measured by an automated in-situ GC-ECDs system at the regional Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station Shangdianzi (SDZ), from November 2006 to October 2009. The time series for these three principal CFCs showed large episodic events and background conditions occurred for approximately 30% (CFC-11), 52% (CFC-12) and 56% (CFC-113) of the measurements. The mean background mixing ratios for CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 were 244.8 ppt (parts per trillion, 10(-12), molar) 539.6 ppt and 76.8 ppt, respectively, for 2006-2009. The enhanced CFC mixing ratios compared to AGAGE sites such as Trinidad Head (THD), US and Mace Head (MHD), Ireland suggest regional influences even during background conditions at SDZ, which is much closer to highly-populated areas. Between 2006 and 2009 background CFCs exhibited downward trends at rates of -2.0 ppt yr(-1) for CFC-11, -2.5 ppt yr(-1) for CFC-12 and -0.7 ppt yr(-1) for CFC-113. De-trended 3-year average background seasonal cycles displayed small fluctuations with peak-to-trough amplitudes of 1.0 +/- 0.02 ppt (0.4%) for background CFC-11, 1.3 +/- 2.1 ppt (0.3%) for CFC-12 and 0.2 +/- 0.4 ppt (0.3%) for CFC-113. On the other hand, during pollution periods these CFCs showed much larger seasonal cycles of 11.2 +/- 10.7 ppt (5%) for CFC-11, 7.5 +/- 6.5 ppt (2%) for CFC-12 and 1.0 +/- 1.2 ppt (1.2%) for CFC-113, with apparent winter minima and early summer maxima. This enhancement was attributed to prevailing wind directions from urban regions in summer and to enhanced anthropogenic sources during the warm season. In general, horizontal winds from northeast showed negative contribution to atmospheric CFCs loading, whereas South Western advection (urban sector: Beijing) had positive contributions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
