Heterogeneous mantle sources feeding the volcanic activity of Mt. Karacadag (SE Turkey)

The volcanic activity of Mt. Karacadag (SE Anatolia) is divided into three major stages: Siverek Stage (11–2.7 Ma), Karacadag Stage (1.9–1.0 Ma) and Ovabag Stage (0.4–0.01 Ma). The magmas are mildly alkaline mafic rocks, mostly basanites, hawaiites and alkali basalts. Detailed geochemical investigation indicates a continuous variation of composition with time, with the oldest products (Siverek Stage) being characterized by average lowest HFSE (Ti, Hf, Zr, Nb, Ta), 143Nd/144Nd, Nb/U, Ta/Yb, Nb/Nb and the highest DQ, La/Nb, Ti/Nb, Zr/Nb, Ba/Nb, Th/Ta, K/La, and the youngest products (Ovabag Stage) at the opposite end of the trend. The overall incompatible element content of the Karacadag volcanic rocks resembles closely average HIMU-OIB compositions, with the oldest samples deviating more strongly from typical compositions of ‘‘anorogenic’’ magmas. We interpret these geochemical variations with a process of partial melting of a chemically and mineralogically heterogeneous mantle source rather than with process of variable crustal ontamination at shallow depths. During the first stages of mantle melting the volumes with lowest solidus temperature (e.g., the amphibole and phlogopite-rich metasomes, particularly abundant in the Arabia mantle xenolith suite) contributed significantly to the partial melts. ‘‘Average’’ peridotitic matrix is involved in partial melting processes only when these metasomatic volumes start to be exhausted, producing mantle melts with geochemical composition resembling average ‘‘anorogenic’’ mildly alkaline sodic rocks, common in the circum-Mediterranean area.