L’attentività nel processo di presa di decisione particolarmente negli sport di squadra, per evitare problematiche funzionali e biomeccaniche per una prestazione di qualità/The Decision Making Process based on the Attention, particularly on Team Sports to Avoid Perceptual Functional and Biomechanical Deficits for a Quality Sport Performance

The foundamental mistake in the normal evolution of the motor learning process and sports’ movements and consequently on its related performance is mainly physiological. In the normal dynamic of learning, and even more in biomechanically complex gestures learning, such as many specific technical-sports gestures, error or better errors are without any doubt an integral part of said acquisition process. Often, in these cases, we use to focus only on the purely mechanical elements of the gesture itself and rarely, simultaneously, giving weight, as we have been advocating for a long time, to the element that then becomes decisive in terms of success or failure of the gesture chosen in a performative sense, which is the decision-making, in its complexity. What operators sometimes, however, do is to omit or neglect the cognitive aspects related to the attention process, which therefore produce most of the students’ errors. That error, even if it is usually detected and modified by technicians during the normal didactic method, on the basis of mechanical or physical-athletic, results to be often superficially addressed in psycho-pedagogical terms. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to focus our attention on those elements which we believe may determine significant learning ability and the resulting very significant high percentage of athletes performance, namely those related to attentional capacity and quality. L’errore fondamentale nella normale evoluzione del processo di apprendimento motorio e degli sport gestuali e di conseguenza nelle sue prestazioni correlate è principalmente fisiologico. Nella normale dinamica dell’apprendimento, e ancora di più nell’apprendimento gestuale biomeccanicamente complesso, l’acquisizione di specifici gesti tecnico-sportivi passa dall’errore Riccardo Izzo Corresponding Author - riccardo.izzo@uniurb.it Vincenzo Biancalana Ciro Hosseini Varde’i Claudia Palpacelli School of Health and Sport Science, DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (Pu) 129 Formazione & Insegnamento XVII – 3s – 2019 Codice ISSN 2279-7505 (on line) © Pensa MultiMedia Editore Codice doi: 10.7346/-feis-XVII-03-19_11 1. Introduction William James1, one of the founding fathers of psychology, in a definition of the attention concept which dates back to more than a century ago (1890), but which is still very significative said: “Everyone knows what attention is. It is the intense and clear mind awareness of a thought, or a flow of thoughts among those apparently possible”. Attention is concentration and consciousness based. It implies ignoring some facts in order to effectively interact with others ... “. “When the outer worlds strikes our senses, the number of objects or events whom we can pay attention to at once it is very little” (Williams, 1890). Why our cognitive system, that is the set of mental processes that take place in our brain, should need to make a selection on the input information? The need of attention stems from the fact that the human being, which has a limited capacity for information processing, has to manage a too high amount of sensory information to be able of being aware of it all. But how do we learn to discern which is the important information at a given time? A key aim of the research on attention is indeed to try to answer to this question. Attention can be considered as a multidimensional cognitive ability, composed of several components, hierarchically organised. In the work that follows we will focus specifically on the aspects that characterize selective attention and the complementary phenomenon of focalization. The various theories that will be exposed on the functioning of the attentional processes attempt to provide explanatory hypotheses about the existence, functioning and collocation of a filter mechanism of “filter” (a kind of funnel or “bottleneck”), which selects the relevant , Riccardo Izzo, Vincenzo Biancalana, Ciro Hosseini Varde’i, Claudia Palpacelli, Riccardo Izzo 130 o meglio dagli errori, che sono senza dubbio parte integrante di detto processo di acquisizione. Spesso, in questi casi, ci concentriamo solo sugli elementi puramente meccanici del gesto stesso e raramente, dando peso a diversi fattori e meno a quello che maggiormente si rende decisivo ovvero il decision-making nella sua complessità. Ciò che gli operatori del settore fanno è omettere o trascurare gli aspetti cognitivi legati al processo di attenzione, che quindi producono la maggior parte degli errori degli studenti. Tale errore, anche se di solito viene rilevato e modificato dai tecnici durante il normale metodo didattico, sulla base di un approccio meccanico o fisicoatletico, risulta spesso affrontato superficialmente in termini psicopedagogici. Lo scopo di questo elaborato, è quindi quello di focalizzare la nostra attenzione su quegli elementi che riteniamo possano determinare un significativo incremento della capacità di apprendimento e di conseguenza di migliorare la prestazione degli atleti, in particolare quella relativa alla capacità e alla qualità dell’attenzione.